When you think about the major problems affecting college students, what comes to mind? You may think of physical health hazards associated with alcohol, other drugs, and sex. And there are threats to psychological health including academic stress, interpersonal conflict, and being away from family and home. These are without doubt important dimensions of college life.
If you have come across mild traumatic brain injuries, or mTBIs—commonly known as concussions—as a problem on campuses, it was most likely in connection with college sports, pranks, or rough-housing among male students. You would not be alone in placing mTBIs low on your list, though, especially for nonathletes and women.
An mTBI is a form of brain injury resulting from a sudden blow that causes damage to the brain. A person with an mTBI may lose consciousness briefly and experience symptoms including headache; dizziness; blurred vision; ringing in the ears; changes in sleep, behavior, or mood; and difficulty with memory, concentration, or thinking. More severe TBIs have the potential to cause more severe and longer-lasting symptoms, but mTBIs are both more common and more likely to go undetected and untreated.
Psychological approaches to the problem of mTBIs are informed by health behavior theories. These can guide the design of psychoeducational programs aimed at preventing TBIs and promoting treatment-seeking when they occur. Barriers to prevention and prompt treatment include beliefs about vulnerability to TBIs, their perceived severity, and the cost-benefit analysis of health-care seeking. Vulnerability, severity, and treatment-related beliefs are relevant to a wide range of health threats. Unlike most of those, TBI prevention and treatment-seeking also may be influenced by masculinity beliefs and stigma. These factors play a role in health problems like TBI that have features that involve social identity.
There are no definitive national data on TBIs in the general college population, but studies of individual institutions suggest they represent a large and growing problem. Although athletics play a role, some studies find that most TBIs are not sports-related. Other major causes are bicycle and automobile accidents, falls, self-harm, and assault. Some data suggest a higher incidence among women compared with men, whether or not they are athletes. Women also may be more likely to experience long-lasting effects of TBI as a result of several biomedical factors.
There is evidence that college students who express greater conformity to norms placing a higher value on self-reliance and winning indicate that they would be less willing to report symptoms of a possible TBI. This has been observed both among athletes and nonathletes, and among both male and female students. These are sometimes referred to as masculine norms because they involve a desire to manifest agency, a trait-like behavior pattern emphasizing a sense of control and independence. Masculine norms are a salient feature of male gender-role expectations but are present in women as well as men.
Among athletes, the operation of masculinity norms may be augmented by the threat of being stigmatized—that is, experiencing diminished positive regard in the eyes of teammates and coaches. For college students in general, fear of potential academic consequences may also play a role. A TBI also may be stigmatizing if attributed to carelessness or lack of impulse control.
THE BASICSJust as TBI is not high on the lists of major health hazards on college campuses, it does not rise to the top when it comes to health conditions that are stigmatizing. Mental health and behavioral problems such as depression and alcohol and other substance use disorders, are more often discussed as stigmatizing conditions, as are physical health problems that are sexually transmitted or involve bodily systems and functions that can be a source of embarrassment.
Processes involved in stigmatization are complex and variable. In the case of TBI, they may involve attributions of the injury to psychological attributes such as personality, the view that the person was responsible for its occurrence, and the belief that symptoms reports represent malingering or at least exaggeration of their severity.
